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Edward Henty settled Portland Bay in From settlement, the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after, the site now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. Smythe, three weeks after Melbourne.

And in , Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier European settlements dating back to On 6 June , just under two years before Melbourne was officially recognised as a settlement, John Batman, the leader of the Port Phillip Association presented Wurundjeri Elders with a land use agreement. This document, now referred to as the Batman treaty , was later given to the British government to claim that local Aboriginal people had given Batman access to their land in exchange for goods and rations.

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Today, the meaning and interpretation of this treaty is contested. Some argue it was pretence for taking Aboriginal land in exchange for trinkets , while others argue it was significant in that it sought to recognise Aboriginal land rights. The exact location of the meeting between Batman and the Kulin Ngurungaeta head clan-men with whom he made the treaty is unknown, although it is believed to have been by the Merri Creek. According to historian Meyer Eidelson , it is generally believed to have occurred on the Merri near modern-day Rushall Station. On 1 July , writs were issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council, and the absolute independence of Victoria from New South Wales was established proclaiming a new Colony of Victoria.

Later discoveries occurred at many sites across Victoria. This triggered one of the largest gold rushes the world has ever seen. The colony grew rapidly in both population and economic power. In 10 years, the population of Victoria increased sevenfold from 76, to , All sorts of gold records were produced, including the "richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world" and the largest gold nugget.

In the decade — Victoria produced 20 million ounces of gold, one-third of the world's output. Immigrants arrived from all over the world to search for gold, especially from Ireland and China.

In ten years the overall population of the colony increased sevenfold from 76, to , In at Ballarat, an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria was made by miners protesting against mining taxes the " Eureka Stockade ". This was crushed by British troops, but the confrontation persuaded the colonial authorities to reform the administration of mining concessions reducing the hated mining licence fees and extend the electoral franchise.

The following year, the Imperial Parliament granted Victoria responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act Some of the leaders of the Eureka rebellion went on to become members of the Victorian Parliament. Melbourne's Protestant establishment was ill-prepared "to countenance so startling a novelty".

In Duffy's Land Act attempted, but failed, through a system of extended pastoral licences, to break the land-holding monopoly of the so-called "squatter" class. In widespread bank failures brought to an end a sustained period of prosperity and of increasingly wild speculation in land and construction. Melbourne nonetheless retained, as the legacy of the gold rush, its status as Australia's primary financial centre and largest city.

In , Victoria became a state in the Commonwealth of Australia. While Canberra was being built, Melbourne served until as country's first federal capital. Victoria's northern border follows a straight line from Cape Howe to the start of the Murray River and then follows the Murray River as the remainder of the northern border. On the Murray River, the border is the southern bank of the river. This precise definition was not established until , when a ruling by Justice Ninian Stephen of the High Court of Australia settled the question as to which state had jurisdiction in the unlawful death of a man on an island in the middle of the river.

The ruling clarified that no part of the watercourse is in Victoria. It is bordered by South Australia to the west and shares Australia's shortest land border with Tasmania. There are extensive semi-arid plains to the west and northwest. There is an extensive series of river systems in Victoria.

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Most notable is the Murray River system. The state symbols include the pink heath state flower , Leadbeater's possum state animal and the helmeted honeyeater state bird. The small rural town is located 10 km 6 mi south of Bendigo. Due to its central location and the region's historical ties to the gold rush, the town is widely regarded as the "Heart of Gold".

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For other cities and towns, see list of localities Victoria and local government areas of Victoria. Victorian cities, towns, settlements and road network. This is a list of places in the Australian state of Victoria by population. Urban centres are defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics as being a population cluster of 1, or more people. The below figures broadly represent the populations of the contiguous built-up areas of each city.

Victoria (Australia)

Victoria has a varied climate despite its small size. It ranges from semi-arid temperate with hot summers in the north-west, to temperate and cool along the coast. Victoria's main land feature, the Great Dividing Range, produces a cooler, mountain climate in the centre of the state. Winters along the coast of the state, particularly around Melbourne , are relatively mild see chart at right. The coastal plain south of the Great Dividing Range has Victoria's mildest climate.

Air from the Southern Ocean helps reduce the heat of summer and the cold of winter. Melbourne and other large cities are located in this temperate region. The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts. Victoria's highest maximum temperature of The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east—west through the centre of Victoria.

Rainfall in Victoria increases from south to the northeast, with higher averages in areas of high altitude. Rain is heaviest in the Otway Ranges and Gippsland in southern Victoria and in the mountainous northeast. Snow generally falls only in the mountains and hills in the centre of the state.

Rain falls most frequently in winter, but summer precipitation is heavier. Rainfall is most reliable in Gippsland and the Western District , making them both leading farming areas.

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Victoria's highest recorded daily rainfall was Average January maximum temperatures: Victoria's north is almost always hotter than coastal and mountainous areas. Average July maximum temperatures: Victoria's hills and ranges are coolest during winter. Snow also falls there. Average yearly precipitation: Victoria's rainfall is concentrated in the mountainous north-east and coast.

At March Victoria had a population of 6,, Victoria's founding Anglo-Celtic population has been supplemented by successive waves of migrants from Southern and Eastern Europe , Asia and, most recently, Africa and the Middle East. Victoria's population is ageing in proportion with the average of the remainder of the Australian population.

The greater Melbourne metropolitan area is home to an estimated 4,, people. State Government efforts to decentralise population have included an official campaign run since to encourage Victorians to settle in regional areas, [42] however Melbourne continues to rapidly outpace these areas in terms of population growth.

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At the census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were: [N 2] [6] [44]. At the census, The other most common countries of birth were England 2. As of the census, Speakers of other languages include Mandarin 3. In the Census, In the proportion of couples marrying in a civil ceremony in Victoria was The government predicts that nearly a quarter of Victorians will be aged over 60 by The census revealed that Australian median age has crept upward from 35 to 37 since , which reflects the population growth peak of — In — there were homicides.

Victoria has a parliamentary form of government based on the Westminster System. Legislative power resides in the Parliament consisting of the Governor the representative of the Queen , the executive the Government , and two legislative chambers. Eighty-eight members of the Legislative Assembly are elected to four-year terms from single-member electorates. In November , the Victorian Legislative Council elections were held under a new multi-member proportional representation system. The State of Victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote.

The total number of upper house members was reduced from 44 to 40 and their term of office is now the same as the lower house members—four years. Elections for the Victorian Parliament are now fixed and occur in November every four years. Prior to the election, the Legislative Council consisted of 44 members elected to eight-year terms from 22 two-member electorates. The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly.

The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet, sets the legislative and political agenda. Cabinet consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament.