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The following is, or rather I should say was, a fair list of articles paid for a virgin bride. One fine silk hat, one cap, one coat five to twenty pieces of various cottons, plain and ornamental; two to twenty silk kerchiefs; three to thirty jars of rum twenty pounds of trade tobacco two hatchets two cutlasses plates and dishes,.

Where the husband acts adjutor or cavaliere to his friend's Omantwe female person or wife-and the friend is equally complaisant, wed! The old immorality endures it is as if the command were reversed by accepting that misprint which so scandalized the Star Chamber, Thou shalt commit adultery. He must indeed be a Solomon of a son who, sur les bords du Gabon, can guess at his own sire; a question so impertinent is never put by the ex-officio father. The son succeeds by inheritance to his father's relict, who, being generally in years, is condemned to be useful when she has ceased to be an ornament, and, if there are several, they are equally divided amongst the heirs.

What with pre-nuptial excesses, with early unions, often infructuous, with a virtual system of community, and with universal drunkenness, it is not to be wondered at if the maritime tribes of Africa degenerate and die out. Weaith and luxury, so generally inveighed against by poets and divines, injure humanity only when they injuriously affect reproduction and poverty is praised only because it breeds more men. The true tests of the physical prosperity of a race, and of its position in the world, are bodily strength and the excess of births over deaths.

Whenever a woman has or fancies she has a grievance, she! Quarrels about the sex are very common, yet, in cases of adultery the old murderous assaults are now rare except amongst the backwoodsmen. The habit was simply to shoot some man belonging to the seducer's or to the ravisher's village the latter shot somebody in the nearest settlement, and so on till the affair was decided. In these days violent retaliation for personal jealousy always be-littles' a man in the eyes of an African community.

Polygamy is, of course, the order of the day it is a necessity to the men, and even the women disdain to marry a one-wifer. Yet the Mpongwe do not, like other tribes on the west coast, practise that separation of the sexes during gestation and lactation, which is enjoined to the Hebrews, recommended by Catholicism, and com-. In Portuguese Guinea the enceinte is claimed by her relatives, especially by the women, for three years, that she may give undivided attention to her offspring, who is rightly believed to be benefited by the separation, and that she may return to her husband with renewed vigour.

Meanwhile custom allows the man to cohabit with a slave girl.

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Poiygamy, also, in Africa is rather a political than a domestic or social institution. A judicious culture of the marriage tie" is necessary amongst savages and barbarians whose only friends and supporters are blood relations and nuptial connections besides which, a multitude of wives ministers to the great man's pride and influence, as well as to his pleasures and to his efficiency. When the head wife ages, she takes charge of the girlish brides committed to her guardianship by the husband. WiJson and Du Chaillu both assert that the wives rarely disagree amongst themselves.

Everywhere, moreover, amongst polygamists, the husband is strictly forbidden by popular opinion to show preference for a favourite wife if he do so, he is a bad man. On the other hand, after feeding their husbands, what remains out of the fruits of their labours is their own, whoHy out of his reach—a boon not always granted by civilization.

As in Unyamwezi, they guard their rights with a truly feminine touchiness and jealousy. There is atways, in the. African mind, a preference for descent and inheritance through the mother, "the surer side,an unmistakable sign, by the by, of barbarism. The strong-minded of London and New York have not yet succeeded in thoroughly organizing and popularizing their clubs the belles sauvages of the Gaboon have.

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Dropped a few years ago by the men, it was taken up by their wives, and it now numbers a host of initiated, limited only by heavy entrance fees. This form of freemasonry deals largely in processions, whose preliminaries and. The Rev. William Walker was once detected playing Peeping Tom" by sixty or seventy viragos, who attempted to exact a fine of forty dollars, and who would have handled him severely had he not managed to escape. The French officers, never standing upon ceremony in -such matters, have often insisted upon being present.

Circumcision, between the fourth and eighth year, is universal in Pongo-Iand, and without it a youth could not be married.

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The operation is performed generally by the chief, often by some old man, who receives a fee from the parents the thumb nails are long, and are used after the Jewish fashion neat rum with red pepper is spirted. The Hebrews, who almost everywhere retained circumcision, have, in Europe at least, long abandoned excision.

The Mpongwe practise a rite so resembling infant baptism that the missionaries have derived it from a corruption of Abyssinian Christianity which, like the nora of the Camarones and Fernandian Highlands, might have travelled across the Dark Continent, where it has now been superseded by El Islam. It will best be established, not by the single great family of language, but by the similarity of manners, customs, and belief; of arts and crafts of utensils and industry. The baptism of Pongo-land is as follows. When the babe is born, a crier, announcing the event, promises to it in the people's name participation in the rights of the living.

It is placed upon a banana! The man-child is exhorted to be truthful, and' the girl to"tell plenty lie," in order to lead a happy life. Truly a new form of the regenerative rite. A curious prepossession of the African mind, curious and yet general, in a land where population is the one want, and where issue is held the greatest blessing, is the imaginary necessity of limiting the family.

Perhaps this form of infanticide is a policy derived from ancestors who found it necessary. The birth of twins is an evil portent to the Mpongwes, as it is in many parts of Central Africa, and even in the New Worid it also involves the idea of moral turpitude, as if the woman were one of the lower animais, capable of superfetation. There is no greater insult to a man, than to point at him with two fingers, meaning that he is a twin of course he is not one, or he would have been killed at birth.

There is no novelty in the Mpongwe funeral rites; the same system prevails from the Oil Rivers to Congo-land, and extends even to the wild races of the interior. The corpse, being still sentient, is accompanied by stores of raiment, pots, and goats' flesh a bottle is placed in one hand and a glass in the other, and, if the deceased has been fond of play, his draught-board and other materials are buried with him.

The system has been well defined as one in which the ghost of a man eats the ghost of a yam, boiled in the ghost of a pot, over the ghost of a fire. There is an immense show of grief, with keening and crocodiles' tears, perhaps to benefit the living by averting a charge of witchcraft, which would inevitably lead to Sassy or poison-water. The wake continues for five days, when they "pull the cry," that is to say, end mourning. If these pious rites be neglected, the children incur the terrible reproach, Your father he be -hungry. The slave is thrown out into the bush-no one will take the trouble to dig a hole for him.

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African generally; every rnan is a host in himself he builds and furnishes his house, he makes his weapons and pipes, and he ignores division of labour, except in the smith and the carpenter in the potter, who works without a wheel, and in the dyer, who knows barks, and who fixes his colours with clay. These craft easily carry 10 tons, and travel to miles, which, as Mr.

Wilson remarks, would land them, under favourable circumstances, in South America. Captain Boteler found that the Mpongwe boat combined symmetry of form, strength, and solidity, with safeness and swiftness either in pulling or sailing. And of late years the people have succeeded in launching large and fast craft built after European models.

The favourite pleasures of the Mpongwe are gross and gorging feeds," drinking and smoking. They recall to mind the old woman who told Monk Lewis that if a glass of gin were at one end of the table, and her immortal soul at the other, she would choose the gin. They soak with. It is not wonderful that the adults can stand but little, and that a few mouthfuls of well-watered spirit make their voices thick, and paralyze their weak brains as well as their tongues. The Persians, who commence drinking late in life, can swallow strong waters by the tumbler.

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Men, women, and children when hardly cremnobatic," have always the pipe in mouth. The poor are driven to a Kondukwe," a yard of plantain leaf, hollowed with a wire, and charged at the thicker end. The holy herb" would of course grow in the country, and grow well, but it is imported from the States without trouble, and perhaps with less expense. Some tribes make a decent snuff of the common trade article, but 1 never saw either sex chew-perhaps the most wholesome, and certainly the most efficacious form. Intoxicating hemp is now grown everywhere, especially in the Nkommi country, and little packages, neatly bound with banana leaves, sell on the river for ten sous each.

Two trips to Gorilla land and the cataracts of the Congo. Vol. 1 / by Richard F. Burton | Gallica

It is smoked either in the Kondukwe or in the Ojo. The latter, literally meaning a torch, is a polished cow-horn, closed at the thick end with wood, and banded with metal a wooden stem, projecting from the upper or concave side, bears a neat chillam bowl , either of clay or of brown steatite brought from the upper Gaboon River.

This rude hookah is half filled with water the dried hemp in the bowl is covered with what Syrians call a Kurs," a bit of metal about the size of half-a-crown, and upon it rests the fire. After a few puffs the eyes redden, a violent cough is caused by the acrid fumes tickling the throat the brain, whirls with a pleasant swimming, like that of chloroform, and the smoker nnds himself glorid.

My Spanish friends at Po tried but did not like it.

The religion of African races is ever interesting to those of a maturer faith it is somewhat like the study of childhood to an old man. The Jew, the high-caste HindU, and the Guebre, the Christian and the Moslem have their Holy Writs, their fixed forms of thought and worship, in fact their grooves in which belief runs. They no longer. Continuation, resurrection, eternity are hereditary and habituai ideas they have become almost inseparable and congenital parts of the mental system. And there is yet another obstacle in dealing with such people, their intense and childish sensitiveness and secretiveness.

They are not, as some have foolishly. They fear the intentions of the cross-questioner, and they hold themselves safest behind a crooked answer. Moreover, every Mpongwe is his own pontifex maximus," and the want, or rather the scarcity, of a regular priesthood must promote independence and discrepancy of belief. Nothing also can be more illogical than the awe and respect claimed by Mr. Herbert Spencer for a being of which the very essence is that nothing can be known of it.